Data Visualization

Blog of the Data Visualization & Communication Course at OSB-AUB

This is my favorite part about analytics: Taking boring flat data and bringing it to life through visualization” John Tukey

Exposing Thyroid Diseases

Exposing Thyroid Diseases

In the quiet corridors of our family history, a common threat is spreading across generations: thyroid diseases; which are a whispered secret, passed down from mothers to daughters, as if it is a legacy of hormonal imbalances that affect our entire life. But as I delve into this intricate web of health, I realize that the story is not confined to feminine narratives alone. Thyroid diseases spreads beyond gender, age, and expectations.

The Silent Struggle

Females: The Familiar Faces

In my family, thyroid disorders have danced with the women for decades. My grandmother, her voice a gentle tremor, would recount her battle with hypothyroidism that comes with the fatigue, the weight gain, and the chill that clung to her bones. My mother, too, faced her own thyroid journey, navigating the delicate balance of hormones but in the form of hyperthyroidism.

But Wait, There’s More

Yet, as I dug deeper, I discovered that thyroid diseases don’t discriminate. They don’t care about gender. Men, too, battle with these invisible whispers. Their stories however, are often neglected and deserve illumination. So, let’s peel back the layers:

  1. Male Thyroid Troubles: Yes, gentlemen, your thyroid matters too. While less common, thyroid disorders affect men as well. Hypothyroidism can drain their energy, cloud their minds, and leave them feeling the struggle. And hyperthyroidism? It’s like a caffeine rush on steroids including heart palpitations, anxiety, and a metabolism that races like a runaway train.
  2. Ageless Affliction: Thyroid diseases don’t play by the rules of age. They’re not bound by the calendar. It’s a reminder that our bodies are delicate symphonies, and sometimes, a single off-key note can disrupt the harmony.
  3. Hyperthyroidism Takes Center Stage: In other words, the rebel of the thyroid world, commands attention. It’s the rockstar, the one that cranks up the volume. It includes: wet palms, a racing heart, and a metabolism that burns through calories like wildfire. It’s a dance with chaos, a tango on the edge.

The Data Unveiled

To understand the true scope, we turn to the numbers. Thyroid diseases ripple through our communities, leaving no demographic untouched. Here’s what the data insinuates:

      • Gender Balance: While more women face thyroid woes, men aren’t immune. It’s a 70-30 split, a delicate seesaw where hormones sway.

      • Ageless Grasp: From teens to seniors, thyroids hum their mysterious tunes. The young grapple with Graves’ disease, while nodules grow in size in the throats of elders.

      • Hyperthyroidism Reigns: The spotlight shines on hyperthyroidism. It’s the diva, the one that commands attention. But let’s not forget its quieter sibling, hypothyroidism who is the steady calmer hum in the background.


A Call to Action

As I emotionally write this blog, I realize that our perception needs an upgrade. Thyroid diseases aren’t gender-exclusive; they’re human experiences. So, let’s break the silence. Let’s educate, empathize, and empower. And perhaps, just perhaps, we’ll unravel the mysteries of our thyroid symphony, note by note starting with spreading awareness around this sensitive topic. Especially with the finding that thyroid medication is relatively unpopular, especially among diagnosed males.


Understanding Your Thyroid Spectrum: Decoding Test Results

To break down the thyroid examination, let’s delve into the essential tests:

  • FTI (Free Thyroxine Index): This measures the amount of free thyroxine (T4) in your blood. It’s a crucial marker of thyroid function.
  • T4U (Thyroxine Uptake): This assesses how well your thyroid gland absorbs iodine to produce T4.
  • T3 (Triiodothyronine): T3 is the active thyroid hormone. It helps analyze your metabolism, energy levels, and mood.
  • TBG (Thyroxine-Binding Globulin): TBG carries thyroid hormones in your bloodstream. Think of it as the conductor guiding the thyroid symphony.
  • TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): TSH is the maestro. It cues the thyroid to produce T4 and T3. High TSH? The orchestra slows down. Low TSH? We’re in overdrive.
  • T4 (Thyroxine): The backbone of thyroid hormones. It’s like the bassline which is the origin/base of the melody.


Therefore,

Get Checked: If you suspect any thyroid irregularities whether you’re male, female, seek professional guidance. Consult an endocrinologist like Dr. Alissa Kivan who was my credible source learning about this topic or your primary care physician. They’ll run the tests we discussed earlier: FTI, T4U, T3, TBG, TSH, and T4. Remember, early detection can be a lifesaver.

Spread Awareness: Be a thyroid advocate. Share your newfound wisdom with friends, family, and social circles. Let’s break the stigma and encourage open conversations about thyroid health. Knowledge is contagious.

Resources for Thyroid Warriors:

American Thyroid Association: https://www.thyroid.org/

Thyroid Foundation of Canada: https://thyroid.ca/

Thyroid UK: https://thyroiduk.org/

Data Source – University of California: https://doi.org/10.24432/C5D010

Dr. Alissa Kivan (Endocrinologist): alissahkiwan@gmail.com

 

Note: This blog is dedicated to all those who wear their thyroid struggles like badges of courage.

Air Pollution: A Harsh Breath to Reality

Air Pollution: A Harsh Breath to Reality

My Personal Experience

It’s been for 5 years in my life that I live in a country where is located in Mediterranean coast and I felt a paramount difference in quality of life in the sense of what you breathe into your body and lungs. All my life until reach 18 years old, I lived in a Russian city which is a place for many defense factories and chemical plants, and that city is also a leader in statistics list for cancer incidents among other Russian cities. I was sick more often that is should be for a young man who has no chronic and/or severe disease. During these 5 years of my life on a Mediterranean coast free from harmful emissions, my life has changed, and my immunity increased.

Air Pollution side effects on Health

Air Pollution is one of the most severe burdens that the society, the Government, the healthcare system and future generations have to face it. Irrespective of the social and governmental response to the issue, it still carries a lot of damage to public health and quality of life.

According to some studies, the burden of air pollution stands at the top as a deadly risk factor with cardiovascular diseases and smoking [1]. “Air pollution – the combination of outdoor and indoor particulate matter and ozone – is a risk factor for many of the leading causes of death, including heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)” and “Air pollution is one of the leading risk factors for death. In low-income countries, it is often very near the top of the list (or is the leading risk factor)”. Some other scholars highlighted special influences effects by increasing the chance of being exposed to lung cancer [2].

All of the facts mentioned above lead to some questions: which regions of the world exposed the most it and what is the trendline of it?

Question 1: Geography

Looking at the geographical analysis of the world regions exposed to air pollution issue are the ones which have one of the lowest levels of income among the population, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Another analysis has the ratio of the metrics to be affected by for each region of the world, adding up as well the percentage of burden from tuberculosis incidents, as an example of respiratory infections.

Question 2: Trends

By looking at the trendline for each region of the world, we can surely say that the trends on air pollution exposure go on decline. Moreover, it is evident that there is correlation between high levels of pollution and incidence of tuberculosis.

Solutions to the problem: WHO Opinion

Some materials from the WHO propose solutions dedicated to two levels of responsibilities: the social and the Governmental ones [3]. In the social level, WHO recommends people to drive less a car, start recycling waste, using renewable energy resources at home, turning off electricity when it is not used, and finally, to start driving an electric vehicle [4]. In the Governmental level, to support the regulations on the low levels of emissions and usage of fossil fuels in the manufacturing sector and switching as well to the renewable energy sources, in order to reach the milestone of ending the issue by 2050.

Solutions to the problem: My Opinion

There is criticism of some of the suggestions that I would like to make. Electric vehicles do not actually decrease the environmental burden but instead overload the working capacity of electric stations and may lead to instabilities of electricity supply to households. Especially, if the stations work on fossil fuels, it evidently will have zero effect on improving the whole situation.

Speaking of choosing a vehicle type, it would be wiser to develop the complex structure of public transport (i.e. buses, subways, trams) that will have the capabilities to reach any point in a country and it is important for this to be affordable. This could be a solution because it will support large families where a car is in a high demand and using of other environmentally friendly vehicles such as bicycles would not much contribute to family.
In the sense of energy policies, the Government could also review options of building more nuclear plants to decrease the pollutions together with having high coefficient of effectiveness of producing energy. France is an example who managed to implement this concept in reality successfully.

 

Final Thoughts

Together with implementing the right governmental policies, it is extremely crucial to have high level of social responsibility in order to decrease the pollution. So, take a deep breath, go and fight for your future!

Reference

  1. Cancer Atlas (2017)- “Environmental and Occupational Exposures” Published online at The Canceratlas.cancer.org. Retrieved from: ‘ https://canceratlas.cancer.org/risk-factors/environment/‘ [Online Resource]
  2. Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2021) – “Air Pollution” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution’ [Online Resource]
  3. WHO newsroom, n.d.- “How air pollution is destroying our health” Published online at WHO.int. Retrieved from: ‘https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health’ [Online Resource]
  4. WHO newsroom, n.d.- “How air pollution is destroying our health” Published online at WHO.int. Retrieved from: ‘https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health/10-ways-you-can-fight-air-pollution‘ [Online Resource]

 

 

Portfolio Insights of the Property and Casualty Department

Portfolio Insights of the Property and Casualty Department

Navigating Insurance Challenges in Lebanon: A Strategic Roadmap

The insurance sector in Lebanon, like many of its economic facets, is navigating through a period of significant challenge and change. This crisis is rooted in political instability, economic downturns, and the aftermath of the Beirut port explosion in 2020, among other factors. These elements have collectively put unprecedented pressure on all sectors, including insurance, driving the need for strategic resilience and adaptation.

Lebanon’s insurance industry, historically robust and competitive within the region, has faced increasing pressures from several fronts. The devaluation of the Lebanese pound, hyperinflation, and the banking sector’s liquidity crisis have severely impacted the operational capabilities of insurance companies. Policyholders are finding it increasingly difficult to keep up with premium payments, while claims costs are rising due to the economic situation and inflation. Additionally, the regulatory framework and oversight of the insurance sector have been areas of concern, requiring enhancements to ensure stability and trust among policyholders.

Despite these challenges, the Lebanese insurance sector also showcases a remarkable capacity for resilience. Companies are exploring innovative strategies to navigate through the crisis, including digital transformation, product diversification, and revising pricing models to adapt to the economic context. Moreover, there’s an increasing focus on risk management and solvency to ensure long-term sustainability. This article showcases the portfolio insights of the company in the Property and Casualty department.

Balancing Premiums with Risk Exposure


Insurance is not a static field; risks evolve, and new risks emerge. Therefore, insurers must adapt by regularly reviewing their underwriting criteria, leveraging new data analytics technologies, and staying informed about changes in the environment that could affect the risk landscape. Furthermore, it’s vital for insurers to develop comprehensive risk mitigation strategies.

The emphasis on the importance of thorough underwriting before pricing an insurance policy cannot be overstated. Underwriting is the process where insurers assess and evaluate the risk associated with an insurance policy. The goal is to price the risk accurately, ensuring that premiums collected will cover the claims and the operational costs, while also allowing the insurer to make a profit.

It is observed from regional data that the volume of insurance policies and the corresponding financial outcomes vary considerably. Some areas demonstrate a higher concentration of policies, indicating a robust customer base, while financial metrics suggest that premium levels do not consistently match up with the risks incurred. This variability highlights the importance of leveraging top-notch risk mitigation methods to enhance the sustainability and financial health of insurance operations.

 

The data provides a clear view on the policies distribution within the company. The left graph, demonstrates the diversity in policy types offered, with ‘MUC’ related to all commercials type and emerging as the predominant category, accounting for nearly 6,000 policies in our portfolio. This indicates a robust demand for this particular insurance product line, suggesting that our underwriting efforts in this segment have been well-received by the market. In other hand the count of policeies issued from the head office is still significntly higehr than thos ein otehr branch suggesting taht and effort should be put to increase the roductivity there vene that during the past 5 years the policy has been increasing however the effort should be kept in order to maintain the portfolio of the company.

On the right, the second graph represent the Distribution of policies based on currency which presents a financial landscape shaped by currency dynamics, a crucial factor given Lebanon’s economic flux. The stark predominance of policies denominated nowadays is definitely the USD fresh keeping the LBP out of reach.This also reflects our strategic positioning to offer policies by providing a safeguard against hyperinflation and reinforcing the financial robustness of our portfolio.

Strategic Insurance Operations

The company expanded its presence in Lebanon over the past years, establishing multiple branches to increase its portfolio. Despite the expansion, the headquarters significantly outperformed all other branches combined over the last five years, holding approximately 78% of the total policies.

The fluctuating trends of annual endorsements from 2018 to 2023 for the ten most insured risk locations, highlights the insurance behavior post the Beirut blast with a notable peak in Achrafieh and the strategic success reflected by the rising trend in Zahle. Complementing this, This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of accurate data management and strategic branch placement in the dynamic landscape of insurance endorsements.

The analysis of short-term insurance policies has uncovered irregularities, especially policies with a recorded duration of zero days, pointing to possible data entry errors. This issue emphasizes the critical need for system improvements to ensure data accuracy and to implement a detailed tracking feature for the reasons behind policy cancellations. Such enhancements are particularly crucial in light of a recent incident involving a disputed policy issued in September 2023, which could have led to complications in claim processing.

Strategic Data-Driven Enhancements

To navigate the complexities of the Lebanese insurance market, it’s recommended to enhance system capabilities, focus on strategic locations with high engagement potential, and continuously analyze policy data to inform decision-making. With these strategies in place, the company is poised to better manage risks, optimize its portfolio, and maintain its leadership position in Lebanon’s insurance sector. The extensive data repositories maintained by insurance companies are invaluable for Data Analysts and Data Scientists. They provide a rich foundation for constructing sophisticated predictive models and developing automated tools that enhance efficiency and streamline daily operations effectively.

Silent Suffering: Unveiling the Darkness of Bullying

Silent Suffering: Unveiling the Darkness of Bullying

Recognizing the Issue

Imagine being a young teenager, just trying to navigate the ups and downs of growing up. Now picture facing daily taunts, threats, and even physical harm from your peers. This is the harsh reality for many adolescents and pre-adolescents who fall victim to bullying.
For a full two years, Johnny, a 13-year-old, suffered as his classmates treated him badly. They harassed him for money, forced him to drink unpleasant things like weeds and detergent-laced milk, physically assaulted him in the restroom, and even went so far as to put a string around his neck treating him around like a pet. When questioned about their actions, the bullies admitted they targeted Johnny simply because they found it entertaining!  (newspaper clipping presented in Olweus,1993, p.7). (1)
This brief newspaper clipping paints a grim picture of the cruelty that children and adolescents can exhibit until our day towards each other under specific circumstances. It highlights the harrowing reality of life at school for a victimized student.

What makes it even harder is that bullying often happens behind closed doors or in hidden corners of the schoolyard, away from the prying eyes of adults. So, while teachers and parents may be doing their best to support their kids, they might not even realize that bullying is happening right under their noses.

This lack of awareness only adds fuel to the fire. Bullies continue their hurtful behavior unchecked, leaving their victims feeling isolated and alone. It’s like a silent epidemic, silently spreading its toxic effects without anyone noticing.

In 2018, a survey conducted in a school in Argentina shed light on the prevalence of bullying among students. The data revealed a concerning trend, highlighting the extent to which bullying was impacting the school community.

The presented graphs paint a vivid picture of the bullying landscape within the school. The Fist graph presents the stark reality of the number of bullied students identified in the survey. As we delve deeper into the data, the second graph provides a spatial perspective on the frequency of physical attacks experienced by students.

Understanding the Impact of Bullying

Bullying takes a heavy toll on Students. Its not just about the physical harm, it’s the emotional pain of feeling isolated and alone. Bullying can make it hard to focus in school, affecting grades and academic performance. It even impacts physical health, increasing the risk of issues like obesity due to stress.
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Bullying Solutions: Creating Safe Spaces

Bullying remains a significant concern in schools, yet proactive measures can be taken to prevent and address it effectively. Here are several solutions that schools, parents, and students themselves can implement:

Schools should:

  • Promote kindness and empathy: Develop social-emotional learning programs that encourage students to appreciate diverse perspectives and treat one another with respect.
  • Cultivate a safe and inclusive environment: Foster a culture where students feel empowered to be themselves and report instances of bullying without fear of retaliation.
  • Empower bystanders: Provide students with the skills and confidence to intervene safely and effectively when they witness bullying.
  • Enforce clear consequences: Establish a robust anti-bullying policy with transparent consequences for engaging in bullying behavior.

Parents can:

  • Initiate open discussions about bullying: Educate children about what constitutes bullying and how to respond to it in a manner that prioritizes safety.
  • Boost their child’s self-esteem: Encourage participation in activities and hobbies that bolster their child’s self-confidence.
  • Maintain open lines of communication: Foster an environment where children feel comfortable discussing instances of bullying and seeking support when needed.
  • Collaborate with the school: Engage with school administration to advocate for policies and practices that promote a safe and inclusive environment.

Students can:

  • Report incidents of bullying: If experiencing bullying, confide in a trusted adult such as a teacher, counselor, or parent.
  • Avoid responding with aggression: Refrain from retaliating physically, as it may exacerbate the situation. Instead, remain composed and seek assistance.
  • Support peers: Intervene in a safe manner or report instances of bullying when witnessing them, and strive to build positive relationships with peers.

By collaborating effectively, schools, parents, and students can establish an environment where bullying is not tolerated, fostering a sense of safety and inclusivity for all.

Assessing Prevention Impact

Research demonstrates that both students and educators benefit from anti-bullying efforts in schools. A comprehensive review of studies on school-based programs shows that they effectively reduce bullying by around 20 to 23 percent and victimization by about 17 to 20 percent. (3)

Resources
  1. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. (Published in Spanish in 1998 as Conductas de acoso y amenaza entre escolares. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.)
  2. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/leomartinelli/bullying-in-schools/code
  3. https://www.stopbullying.gov/resources/research-resources/mtss-prevention-approaches-and-effective-intervention#:~:text=Research%20shows%20that%20both%20students,by%2017%20to%2020%20percent.
Raising the Minimum Wage: A Key Strategy to End Food Insecurity in Lebanon

Raising the Minimum Wage: A Key Strategy to End Food Insecurity in Lebanon

Tackling Food Insecurity in Lebanon

As per the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) definition, food security guarantees access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food for all individuals consistently. Nevertheless, Lebanon faces an alarming surge in food insecurity amid profound economic difficulties. The nation’s dire economic crisis, marked by hyperinflation and a sharp devaluation of its currency, the Lebanese pound (LBP), has intensified the crisis.

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) report on food insecurity distribution in Lebanon for the years 2022-2023 provides a comprehensive insight into the challenges faced by both Lebanese citizens and refugees in the country. With over 5 million records analyzed, individuals are categorized into four distinct phases based on their food security status:

  • Phase 1: people in Food Security
  • Phase 2: people in Stressed Conditions
  • Phase 3: people in Food Crisis
  • Phase 4: people in Emergency Situations

In 2022, 18.17% of the population were classified under Phase 1, indicating a secure food situation, while a significant proportion, 45.4%, were categorized as Phase 2, signaling mild stress. However, 16% were in Phase 3, facing a crisis, and 6% were in Phase 4, experiencing emergency conditions. By 2023, although Phase 1 remained stable, economic pressures resulted in a decrease in Phase 2 to 40.5%, while Phases 3 and 4 saw slight increases to 18.2% and 6.6%, respectively.

Additionally, in 2023, a staggering 1,412,000 individuals in Lebanon, classified under Phases 3 and 4, currently struggle with empty refrigerators, highlighting the severity of the food insecurity crisis.

 

Lebanon’s Economic Crisis and Soaring Food Prices

To contextualize the economic crisis, the exchange rate was relatively stable at around 1,507.5 LBP per US dollar in 2019. However, since then, it has drastically deteriorated, surpassing 90,000 LBP per US dollar in 2023, marking a staggering increase of approximately 5900%.

This rapid depreciation has had profound implications, particularly regarding the cost of living, notably in food prices. The soaring exchange rate has led to a surge in the prices of essential commodities, making it increasingly challenging for Lebanese citizens to afford an adequate and nutritious diet.

In light of these economic challenges, understanding the evolution of food prices over the years in Lebanon is crucial. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT), there have been notable trends in food prices. Since the onset of inflation, prices in LBP have consistently increased, reflecting the economic instability gripping the nation. However, prices in US dollars initially decreased, but eventually surged back to normal levels. However, it’s worth noting that while prices may seem lower in USD, they remain significantly high when converted back to LBP. 

Over the past three years, prices have surged dramatically, with a staggering 250% increase in most cases. Notably, from 2022 to 2023 alone, prices doubled, underscoring the swift and significant escalation in costs. For instance, the price of cooking sunflower oil surged from $2.30 in 2021 to $3.85 in 2022, then doubled to $7.70 in 2023. Similarly, milk powder “Nido” saw a notable rise from $0.70 in 2021 to $1.30 in 2022, then sharply increased to $4.80 in 2023.

 

Highlighting the Gap

As observed, prices reached a peak in the previous three years, particularly between 2022 and 2023. However, it raises a question: why didn’t the food insecurity rates increase accordingly? This was a challenge faced by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). In 2022, after gathering data on food insecurity in Lebanon, it was projected that the percentage of people in Food Crisis (Phase 3) would rise to 35%, marking a 19% increase in the wake of soaring food prices. However, one year later, the percentage of people in Food Crisis only increased by 2%. This discrepancy prompts us to question how, amidst doubling prices, such a modest increase occurred.

 

Filling the Gap: Minimum Wage Increase

The apparent disparity between the significant rise in food prices, which doubled from 2022 to 2023, and the relatively modest increase in food insecurity phases in Lebanon can be attributed to several factors. One significant factor is the increase in the minimum wage in April 18, 2023, from LL675,000 to $100. Prior to 2019, this minimum wage was equivalent to $450, set at LL675,000 at the then-official rate of LL1,507.5. This increase helped to mitigate the effects of soaring food costs and prevent a more drastic escalation in food insecurity levels.


In 2021, if someone in Lebanon earning the minimum wage of $11.25 wanted to buy both Nido and sunflower oil, costing about $3 total ($2.30 for oil and $0.70 for milk), it would be 26% of their salary. By 2022, with the total cost rising to $5.15 ($3.85 for oil and $2.48 for milk), it would represent 74% of their $6.75 salary. However, in 2023, despite the total cost doubling to $12.50 ($7.70 for oil and $4.80 for milk), if the person is earning $100, these purchases would only account for 13% of their salary. This indicates a significant decrease in the portion of salary spent on these items, despite prices doubling from 2022 to 2023.

Raising the Wage, the case of USA

The “Raise the Wage Act, S. 2488 of 2023 in the USA” proposes gradually increasing the federal minimum wage to $15 by 2024, starting with a raise to $8.55 in 2019. This hike could notably reduce nationwide food insecurity, leading to approximately 1.2 million households attaining food security. Additionally, 1 million households experienced an increase in their food security.

Lebanon has the opportunity to draw lessons from this policy to tackle its own socioeconomic challenges. Recognizing the strong correlation between the minimum wage and food insecurity, Lebanon could adopt a similar strategy. By gradually increasing the minimum wage, Lebanon could alleviate financial strains and enhance access to vital resources for its households. This move would promote economic stability and the overall well-being of the country.

 

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