Tackling Food Insecurity in Lebanon
As per the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) definition, food security guarantees access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food for all individuals consistently. Nevertheless, Lebanon faces an alarming surge in food insecurity amid profound economic difficulties. The nation’s dire economic crisis, marked by hyperinflation and a sharp devaluation of its currency, the Lebanese pound (LBP), has intensified the crisis.
The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) report on food insecurity distribution in Lebanon for the years 2022-2023 provides a comprehensive insight into the challenges faced by both Lebanese citizens and refugees in the country. With over 5 million records analyzed, individuals are categorized into four distinct phases based on their food security status:
- Phase 1: people in Food Security
- Phase 2: people in Stressed Conditions
- Phase 3: people in Food Crisis
- Phase 4: people in Emergency Situations
In 2022, 18.17% of the population were classified under Phase 1, indicating a secure food situation, while a significant proportion, 45.4%, were categorized as Phase 2, signaling mild stress. However, 16% were in Phase 3, facing a crisis, and 6% were in Phase 4, experiencing emergency conditions. By 2023, although Phase 1 remained stable, economic pressures resulted in a decrease in Phase 2 to 40.5%, while Phases 3 and 4 saw slight increases to 18.2% and 6.6%, respectively.
Additionally, in 2023, a staggering 1,412,000 individuals in Lebanon, classified under Phases 3 and 4, currently struggle with empty refrigerators, highlighting the severity of the food insecurity crisis.
Lebanon’s Economic Crisis and Soaring Food Prices
To contextualize the economic crisis, the exchange rate was relatively stable at around 1,507.5 LBP per US dollar in 2019. However, since then, it has drastically deteriorated, surpassing 90,000 LBP per US dollar in 2023, marking a staggering increase of approximately 5900%.
This rapid depreciation has had profound implications, particularly regarding the cost of living, notably in food prices. The soaring exchange rate has led to a surge in the prices of essential commodities, making it increasingly challenging for Lebanese citizens to afford an adequate and nutritious diet.
In light of these economic challenges, understanding the evolution of food prices over the years in Lebanon is crucial. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT), there have been notable trends in food prices. Since the onset of inflation, prices in LBP have consistently increased, reflecting the economic instability gripping the nation. However, prices in US dollars initially decreased, but eventually surged back to normal levels. However, it’s worth noting that while prices may seem lower in USD, they remain significantly high when converted back to LBP.
Over the past three years, prices have surged dramatically, with a staggering 250% increase in most cases. Notably, from 2022 to 2023 alone, prices doubled, underscoring the swift and significant escalation in costs. For instance, the price of cooking sunflower oil surged from $2.30 in 2021 to $3.85 in 2022, then doubled to $7.70 in 2023. Similarly, milk powder “Nido” saw a notable rise from $0.70 in 2021 to $1.30 in 2022, then sharply increased to $4.80 in 2023.
Highlighting the Gap
As observed, prices reached a peak in the previous three years, particularly between 2022 and 2023. However, it raises a question: why didn’t the food insecurity rates increase accordingly? This was a challenge faced by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). In 2022, after gathering data on food insecurity in Lebanon, it was projected that the percentage of people in Food Crisis (Phase 3) would rise to 35%, marking a 19% increase in the wake of soaring food prices. However, one year later, the percentage of people in Food Crisis only increased by 2%. This discrepancy prompts us to question how, amidst doubling prices, such a modest increase occurred.
Filling the Gap: Minimum Wage Increase
The apparent disparity between the significant rise in food prices, which doubled from 2022 to 2023, and the relatively modest increase in food insecurity phases in Lebanon can be attributed to several factors. One significant factor is the increase in the minimum wage in April 18, 2023, from LL675,000 to $100. Prior to 2019, this minimum wage was equivalent to $450, set at LL675,000 at the then-official rate of LL1,507.5. This increase helped to mitigate the effects of soaring food costs and prevent a more drastic escalation in food insecurity levels.
In 2021, if someone in Lebanon earning the minimum wage of $11.25 wanted to buy both Nido and sunflower oil, costing about $3 total ($2.30 for oil and $0.70 for milk), it would be 26% of their salary. By 2022, with the total cost rising to $5.15 ($3.85 for oil and $2.48 for milk), it would represent 74% of their $6.75 salary. However, in 2023, despite the total cost doubling to $12.50 ($7.70 for oil and $4.80 for milk), if the person is earning $100, these purchases would only account for 13% of their salary. This indicates a significant decrease in the portion of salary spent on these items, despite prices doubling from 2022 to 2023.
Raising the Wage, the case of USA
The “Raise the Wage Act, S. 2488 of 2023 in the USA” proposes gradually increasing the federal minimum wage to $15 by 2024, starting with a raise to $8.55 in 2019. This hike could notably reduce nationwide food insecurity, leading to approximately 1.2 million households attaining food security. Additionally, 1 million households experienced an increase in their food security.
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Informative dashboard. Visualization used on point. Good Job Aya!