We are pleased to announce that Wissam Antoun ranked 1st in the Arabic Sentiment Analysis 2021 @ KAUST competition. Arabic Sentiment Analysis is one of the most popular tasks in Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP), with this competition being one of the largest in terms of the prize and dataset size.
The competition required building machine learning models that can determine the sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) behind Arabic text (tweets), with a prize of 10000 USD, 5000 USD, and 2000 USD to the first, second and third place winners, respectively. The organizers provided participants with 55,000 annotated tweets named ASAD (Arabic Sentiment Analysis Dataset) for training and developing their machine learning models. The provided dataset targeted multiple Arabic dialects and topics. The participants then had to predict and submit the sentiment of 20,000 tweets, which are used to calculate the public leaderboard score. Note that the baseline scores provided by the organizers were achieved using AraBERT a language understanding model created by Wissam, Fady Baly, and Hazem Hajj.
The competition ran for 3 months, with 74 teams participating and submitting their predictions. Top scores were close, with only a 0.006 difference between the first and the fifth submission. Wissam ranked 3rd on the public leaderboard when the submission window closed. Top-ranked participants were then invited to submit and share their codes to the organizers for the final evaluation on another private 20,000 tweets dataset. Wissam’s submission scored the highest on the private dataset.
Wissam’s winning submission consisted of aggregating the predicting of multiple models (also known as ensembling) each trained to recognize a specific sentiment characteristic from a tweet (i.e. Sarcasm, Emojis…) while employing thorough data cleaning and text pre-processing techniques. A detailed description of the approach, code, and models will be released soon.
Congratulations Wissam!!
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Synthesis Cocaine: Chemical Composition and Applications
Introduction
https://bbgate.com/threads/cocaine-extraction-from-coca-leaves.19/
Cocaine, a powerfully addictive stimulant, is a tropane alkaloid derived from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). It is a naturally occurring substance that has been used for centuries by indigenous cultures in South America for its stimulant and anesthetic properties (Ghodse, 2002). However, it was not until the late 19th century that the active ingredient, cocaine, was isolated and its properties were studied in detail. This article aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition of synthesis cocaine, its production, and its applications in modern society.
Chemical Composition of Synthesis Cocaine
Cocaine, chemically known as benzoylmethylecgonine, is a white, odorless crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and alcohol, making it easy to inject or snort. The molecular formula of cocaine is C17H21NO4, and its molar mass is 303.35 g/mol (PubChem, 2021). It is structurally composed of a benzoyl group (C6H5CO−), a methyl group (CH3−), and an egonine group (C10H15NO2).
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The synthesis of cocaine begins with the extraction of the alkaloids from the leaves of the coca plant, primarily cocaine and ecgonine. The leaves are first soaked in a solution of lime and sodium carbonate, which creates an alkaline environment that allows for the extraction of the alkaloids. The alkaloids are then isolated using a series of solvents, including ether and chloroform. The resulting mixture contains a combination of alkaloids, including cocaine, ecgonine, and cinnamoylcocaine.
The next step in the synthesis process is the conversion of ecgonine to cocaine. This is done through a series of chemical reactions, including esterification and acylation. In the esterification step, ecgonine is reacted with a carboxylic acid, such as benzoic acid, to produce a cocaine precursor known as benzoylecgonine. The benzoylecgonine is then reacted with methanol in the acylation step to produce cocaine.
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Cocaine has a wide range of applications, both legal and illegal. Legally, cocaine is used as a local anesthetic in medical procedures, primarily in the field of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery. Its anesthetic properties are due to its ability to block the sodium channels in neurons, preventing the transmission of pain signals. Cocaine is also used as a vasoconstrictor, narrowing blood vessels and reducing bleeding during surgery.
Illegally, cocaine is used as a recreational drug for its stimulant effects. It produces a feeling of euphoria, increased energy, and mental alertness. However, its use can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health disorders.
Conclusion
Synthesis cocaine is a complex process that involves the extraction of alkaloids from the leaves of the coca plant and the conversion of ecgonine to cocaine through a series of chemical reactions. Its unique chemical composition, including its ability to block sodium channels, makes it a valuable tool in medical procedures. However, its illegal use as a recreational drug has led to a range of negative health consequences. As a result, it is important to continue researching the chemical composition and applications of synthesis cocaine, while also working to prevent its illegal use and associated health risks.
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