We are excited to share a preview of the paper titled “Empathy-driven Arabic Conversational Chatbot” by Tarek Naous, Christian Hokayem, and Prof. Hazem Hajj. The paper will be published at WANLP 2020 at COLING’2020, Barcelona, Spain, 12 Dec. 2020.
Abstract: Conversational models have witnessed a significant research interest in the last few years with the advancements in sequence generation models. A challenging aspect in developing human-like conversational models is enabling the sense of empathy in bots, making them infer emotions with the person they are interacting with. By learning to develop empathy, chatbot models are able to provide human-like, empathetic responses, thus making the human-machine interaction close to human-human interaction. Recent advances in English use complex encoder-decoder language models that require large amounts of empathetic conversational data. However, research has not produced empathetic bots for Arabic. Furthermore, there is a lack of Arabic conversational data labeled with empathy. To address these challenges, we create an Arabic conversational dataset that comprises empathetic responses. However, the dataset is not large enough to develop very complex encoder-decoder models. To address the limitation of data scale, we propose a special encoder-decoder composed of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Sequence-to-Sequence(Seq2Seq) with Attention. The experiments showed the success of our proposed empathetic-driven Arabic chatbot in generating empathetic responses with a perplexity of 38.6, an empathy score of 3.7, and a fluency score of 3.92.
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Title: The Chemical Composition and Applications of ADB-PINACA: A Comprehensive Review
Introduction
ADB-PINACA (Analogue of 1-pentyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)indole-7-carboxylate) is a synthetic cannabinoid that has gained significant attention in recent years due to its emergence in the recreational drug market. This compound is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and has been linked to numerous cases of intoxication and adverse health effects. Despite the growing body of evidence on the harmful effects of ADB-PINACA, there is a paucity of information on its chemical composition and potential applications. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical structure, synthesis, metabolism, and potential applications of ADB-PINACA.
https://bbgate.com/media/adb-pinaca-synthesis.93/
Chemical Structure and Synthesis
ADB-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid that belongs to the class of indole-3-carboxylates. Its chemical structure consists of a pentyl chain attached to a sulfonyl group, which is linked to a indole ring substituted with a carboxylate group. The presence of the sulfonyl group and the carboxylate group in the indole ring differentiates ADB-PINACA from other synthetic cannabinoids, such as JWH-018 and AM-2201.
The synthesis of ADB-PINACA involves several steps, including the preparation of the indole ring, the introduction of the sulfonyl group, and the attachment of the pentyl chain. The synthesis process requires specialized knowledge and equipment, and it is typically carried out in clandestine laboratories or by unregulated chemical companies. The final product is a white or off-white powder that is highly lipophilic and can be easily impregnated onto plant material or dissolved in a solvent for use as a recreational drug.
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
The metabolism of ADB-PINACA is not well understood, and there is limited information on its pharmacokinetics. However, it is known that ADB-PINACA undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The major metabolites of ADB-PINACA include carboxylic acid derivatives, sulfates, and glucuronides, which are excreted in the urine and feces.
The pharmacokinetics of ADB-PINACA is also not well understood, but it is believed to have a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effects. The half-life of ADB-PINACA is estimated to be around 1-2 hours, but this may vary depending on the route of administration and the dose.
Potential Applications
Despite the negative attention surrounding ADB-PINACA, there is potential for its use in medical and research applications. Its high affinity for the CB1 receptor makes it a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and other conditions. However, further research is needed to fully understand its pharmacological properties and safety profile before it can be considered for clinical use.
Conclusion
In conclusion, ADB-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid with a unique chemical structure and pharmacological profile. Its potent activity at the CB1 receptor makes it a potential candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents, but its abuse potential and adverse health effects cannot be ignored. Further research is needed to fully understand the chemical composition, metabolism, and potential applications of ADB-PINACA, and to inform regulatory policies and public health interventions.
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